Fuelling carbon lock-ins in Mozambique: The Role of Export Finance and Investment Protection

Mozambique has become one of Africa’s major frontlines in the global struggle to align energy investment with climate goals. Fuelling Carbon Lock-ins in Mozambique examines how export credit agencies (ECAs) have channelled unprecedented levels of public finance into fossil fuel megaprojects and how these investments are protected under international investment law , deepening the country’s dependence on fossil fuels and undermining prospects for a just energy transition. By mapping the financial, legal, and socio-environmental implications of ECA-backed projects, this case study highlights how public finance from the Global North continues to fuel high-carbon trajectories in vulnerable countries, contradicting states’ obligations under the Paris Agreement .