Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement, which provides for a systemic and long-term approach to tackling climate change that each country pursues through national climate targets. Countries signatory to the Paris Agreement essentially commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing their resilience to the impacts of climate change. NDCs provide a framework for nations to tailor their climate actions according to their unique circumstances, ultimately contributing to the global effort to combat climate change and limit its catastrophic impacts.

This framework encompasses interventions at the policy level, technology advancement/switch, and behavioural changes. Some of the most prominent approaches include transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, reforestation and afforestation efforts, and sustainable transportation systems among others. Countries define strategies towards climate resilience and adaptation to climate change, by improving infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, implementing early warning systems, and supporting communities vulnerable to climate impacts through urban planning, nature-based solutions and policy interventions.